04 File System and Storage Management

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A file system is a method for storing and organizing data on storage devices. Examples of popular file systems in Linux:

• ext4: The default file system in many Linux distributions. Supports large file sizes and journaling.

• XFS: Designed for high performance on large files. Suitable for servers.

• Btrfs: Supports modern features such as snapshots, compression, and data integrity checks.

Creating and Managing Partitions

1. Tools for partition management:

   • fdisk: For storage devices based on MBR.

   • parted: For storage devices based on GPT.

2. Creating a Partition with fdisk:

   • Display storage devices:

     sudo fdisk -l

3. Run fdisk for the device:

   sudo fdisk /dev/sdX

4. Create a new partition:

   • Press n to create a new partition.
   • Select the partition type (primary/logical).
   • Save changes with w.

5. Creating a File System:

   Use the following command after creating a partition:

   • ext4 :

      sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdX1

   • XFS :

     sudo mkfs.xfs /dev/sdX1

   • Btrfs :

     sudo mkfs.btrfs /dev/sdX1

Logical Volume Manager (LVM)

LVM allows flexible storage management by using logical volumes instead of physical partitions.

• Main components of LVM:

  1. Physical Volume (PV): Physical devices (disks or partitions).

  2. Volume Group (VG): A collection of PVs.

  3. Logical Volume (LV): Volumes used for the file system.

LVM Configuration Steps

1. Create a Physical Volume (PV):

   sudo pvcreate /dev/sdX1

2. Create a Volume Group (VG):

   sudo vgcreate my_vg /dev/sdX1

3. Create a Logical Volume (LV):

   sudo lvcreate -L 10G -n my_lv my_vg

4. Create a File System on the LV:

   sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/my_vg/my_lv

5. Mount the LV to a Directory:

   sudo mount /dev/my_vg/my_lv /mnt

Software RAID Configuration

RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) is a technology for combining multiple disks into a single logical unit to improve performance or redundancy.

• Common RAID types:

  • RAID 0: Striping, improves performance without redundancy.

  • RAID 1: Mirroring, duplicates data for redundancy.

  • RAID 5: Parity, redundancy with storage efficiency.

  • RAID 10: Combination of RAID 1 and RAID 0.

Membuat RAID dengan mdadm

1. Install mdadm :

   sudo zypper install mdadm

2. Create a RAID array:

   • Example of RAID 1:

     sudo mdadm --create --verbose /dev/md0 --level=1 --raid-devices=2 /dev/sdX1 /dev/sdY1

3. Create a file system on RAID:

   sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/md0

4. Mount RAID :

   sudo mount /dev/md0 /mnt

5. Save RAID configuration:

   sudo mdadm --detail --scan >> /etc/mdadm.conf

Mounting File Systems and fstab

Mounting File Systems

Mounting is the process of connecting a file system to a directory.

• Manual Mounting Command:

  sudo mount /dev/sdX1 /mnt

• Viewing Mounted File Systems:

  df -h

fstab

fstab is a configuration file for automatic mounting at boot. File location:/etc/fstab

• fstab Format:

  < device >  < mount_point >  < file_system >  < options>  < dump >  < pass >

• Example fstab:

  /dev/sdX1  /mnt  ext4  defaults  0  2

• Apply fstab changes without rebooting:

  sudo mount -a

Disk Quota

Disk quota limits storage usage for specific users or groups.

Mengaktifkan Quota Disk

1. Edit the /etc/fstab file to add quota options:

   /dev/sdX1  /mnt  ext4  defaults,usrquota,grpquota  0  2

2. Remount the file system:

   sudo mount -o remount /mnt

3. Create a quota file:

   sudo quotacheck -cug /mnt
   sudo quotaon /mnt

Managing Quota

1. Assign Quota to a User:

   sudo edquota -u username
   Add soft and hard limits in the opened file.

2. Check Quota Usage:

   quota -u username

3. Disable Quota:

   sudo quotaoff /mnt